"Goodnight & Good Luck"

The movie cover for Good Night
and Good Luck. Image: IMDB

A movie that needed no color to signify fear when the red scare loomed throughout the country, Good Night and Good Luck reminded its audience about their First Amendment rights as citizens, especially journalists. 

George Clooney's historical drama illustrates the universal tension between Edward R. Murrow, CBS Studios, and all journalists, thanks to the communist allegations set upon by U.S. Senator Joesph McCarthy. While thousands have been accused of being communists or like supporters, a much smaller percentage were deemed as such. However, this manhunt for 'infiltrators' spouted anti-propaganda that painted McCarthy as the savior Americans needed when, in reality, many speculate it was all a ploy to suppress left-wingers that would vote against the Republican Senator. 

A chilling effect was cast over all who thought to oppose ex-Senator McCarthy in fear. Being labeled as a communist would have the same effect as being accused of a felony that would cost your friends, your job, and even your family. Questions were never asked until Edward R. Murrow had the guts to inquire on behalf of wrongfully accused Milo Radulovich.

A connection is drawn between how the public was fed right-swinging opinions and fear of the unknown spread. After the events of WWI, alleged Soviet influence fear mongered Americans into hatred, similar to how after the events of 9/11, Americans focused on a hatred of the entire Muslim religion and the Middle East as a threat in fear of more terrorist attacks rather than just ISIS itself. This took place during the Bush Administration's 'War on Terror' in the years leading up to the movie's release in late 2005.

A scene from Good Night and Good Luck where the
military visits CBS offices. Image: IMDB

Many scenes in Good Night and Good Luck were tightly framed around the actors to better exemplify the secrecy needed in the newsroom due to communism looming in the stark darkness around them. In fact, US military personnel were sent to the CBS office in an attempt to intimidate Murrow to cease his segment against McCarthy. During this time, American Citizens were placed on higher surveillance to be watched should any anti-American behavior take place. This is mirrored in the government's increased surveillance in Muslim communities and Muslim profiling in airports post-9/11 to proactively prevent any further terrorist behavior.

Many Americans were fed lines of "they're all around us, they could even be your neighbor," increasing general paranoia and pinning Americans against each other. Civilians would be too preoccupied trying to figure out if their co-workers were Communist sympathizers to see the unconstitutional overstep from the American government.

A courtroom scene from Good Night and Good Luck
Image: IMDB

Milo Radulovich was one unwitting 'criminal' whose right to due process and a fair trial was thrown out the window as he was quickly and unfairly blacklisted from the U.S. Airforce. The rest of the movie confronts Joesph McCarthy's blatant disregard for First Amendment freedoms. Should a person exercise their right to political opinion and peaceful protest, they were labeled a communist supporter and blacklisted. 

A camera angle from Good Night and Good Luck
Image: IMDB

Journalistic integrity by Edward Murrow and CBS exposed McCarthy's stonewalling and sandbagging tactics when, after questioning and a chance to defend himself on air, McCarthy's disregard for substantial answers in favor of labeling Murrow as a communist was his only rebut. 

Nothing more strongly reminds journalists to constantly question each ideology and push against the tide. Should Murrow have succumbed to censorship, who knows what kind of dictatorial government America would have become?

"The Front Page"

A time authentic poster from IMDB

 Set in 1929, The Front Page screams, "Is Journalistic Integrity Dead?" as the main character, Hildebrand 'Hildy' Johnson, feels firsthand the plights of retiring from journalism. On his way out to marry his soon-to-be, a so-called communist here to tear the nation apart, Earl Williams escapes his cell with his mercy now at the hands of Hildy. 

Will Johnson report this rabble rouser's story truthfully, or will Johnson leave it in the hands of his inebriated colleagues to get the girl? Extra! Extra! Read all about it! 

Although this headline was lengthy, it is an example of sensationalism often synonymous with jazz journalism of the 1920s. As depicted in the movie, writers would need to procure headlines that would captivate the public so much to buy a paper instead of listening to the radio. The reporters in this movie often wrote a story with little information and an eye-catching headline to be the first paper with such wild news while the others caught up. In the title sequence alone, the Chicago Examiner's newest headline, "Cop Killer Sane Must Die," is shown right behind the "The Front Page." Getting the scoop returns as an obstacle in Hilly's retirement, for the adrenaline of reporting is a high he cannot shake. 

The title page from the movie The Front Page

In the news industry, efficiency is a necessity. It remains crucial from The Front Page, set in 1929 to 2024. So much so that modern journalists can share their work completely with a timestamp up to the day's second. A scene where Walter Burns, Hildy Johnson's boss, unfolds his scheme to have a reporter at the public execution of Wiliams complete with an ankle camera and darkroom ambulance to have the freshest print exemplifies the line of ethics journalists walk each day. 

The newsroom from The Front Page with reporters calling
their editors about the newest scoop. Image: IMDB.com

While striving for efficiency has remained the same, accuracy has come to far lengths. Clickbait is the modern successor to yellow journalism. Reporters in the 20th-century movie would stretch the truth as much as they could. In the 21st century, many may argue that tabloids follow suit.

However, unlike in the older ages of reporting, truthful journalism is valued highly. Organizations like the Society of Professional Journalism follow a code of ethics proclaiming journalistic integrity. Should a publication print false reporting, consumers will revolt online, not standing for blasphemous writing, particularly if skewed towards a specific politician. 

Hildy expertly writing his final article. Image: IMDB.com

Crooked politics is personified as the mayor in The Front Page. He urges the sheriff and reporters to paint Earl Williams as the criminal in favor of black votes come election season. This behavior between reporters and their subjects is not uncommon in today's era of news reporting. Specific companies are labeled right or left because of their skewed scopes. 

As Hildy had fought against the plague of misinformation around him, many writers are attempting to remember the real purpose of journalism. Journalists are meant to observe and inform rather than be involved in politics. Setting Earl William's story straight was his final act as a journalist before catching his train and bride.

The "Most Trusted Man" of 1970: Walter Cronkite

An American broadcast journalist who hosted CBS Evening News for 19 years, from 1962 to 1981, and often cited as "the most trusted man in America" after being named in an opinion poll, Walter Cronkite received honors throughout his career, including a George Polk Award, the Lifetime Achievement Award, two Peabody Awards, several Emmy Awards, and was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter.

His story began on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, when he was born. Until 10, Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri. His family then moved to Houston, Texas, where he attended San Jacinto High School and edited the high school newspaper. 

College for Cronkite began in 1933 at the University of Texas at Austin, where he joined the Daily Texan and became a member of the Nu chapter of the Chi Phi Fraternity. In addition, he became a member of the Houston chapter of DeMolay, a Masonic fraternal organization for boys. While at UT, Cronkite performed in a play with a fellow student, Eli Wallach. This performance ignited a flame, leading him to drop out in 1935 to concentrate on journalism.

After beginning his career at numerous newspaper reporting jobs covering both local News and sports, Cronkite finally entered broadcasting as a radio announcer for WKY in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. His name on air was "Walter Wilcox." He would explain later that radio stations at the time did not want people to use their real names for fear of taking their listeners with them if they left. 

While working as the sports announcer for KCMO in Kansas City in 1936, he met his future wife, Mary Elizabeth "Betsy" Maxwell. Cronkite later joined the United Press International in 1937 until a job to join the Murrow Boys team of war correspondents was offered by Edward R. Murrow at CBS News, which would take his journalism career to the next level. 

Recognized as a top reporter in WWII by covering battles in North Africa and Europe, Cronkite was on board the USS Texas through her service of Operation Torch to the coast of North Africa and then Back to the US. Interestingly enough, he was granted flight on the Vought OS2U Kingfisher aircraft when Norfolk, Virginia, the origin of the operation, was in flight distance to beat the USS Massachusetts correspondence to the headline to issue the first uncensored news reports to be published about Operation Torch. 

Now an established war correspondent, Walter Cronkite became one of 8 journalists selected by the United States Army Air Force to fly bombing raids over Germany in a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress as part of the group called The Writing 69th. He landed with the 101 Airborne Division in Operation Market Garden to cover the Battle of the Bulge. Closing his war coverage years, he reported live over the Nuremberg trials and served as the United Press primary reporter in Moscow from 1946 to 1948.

During this time, he married his wife, Mary Elizabeth Maxwell Cronkite, and stayed married to her for nearly 65 years until her passing in 2005. They had three children.

After that, Cronkite joined CBS in 1950 in the up-and-coming television division, recruited again by Murrow. From 1951 to 1962, he anchored WTOP-TV's 15-minute late Sunday evening newscast Up To the Minute and Man of The Week in 1952.

It is said that Cronkite's role at the Democratic and Republican National Conventions coined the term "anchor" even though those before him had been given the same title. It simply did not hold the weight that it did for Cronkite.

From 1953 to 1957, Cronkite hosted You Are There, a CBS program that reenacted historical events in a news report format. His famous closing lines for the show were, "What sort of day was it? A day like all days, filled with those events that alter and illuminate our times ... and you were there." 

From 1971 to 1956, he hosted countless shows, such as the revived version of You Are There, The Twentieth Century, then It's News to Me, and Pick the Winner during the presidential elections of 19512 and 1956.

He also hosted The Morning Show, CBS' short-lived challenge to NBC's Today in 1954. 

While on-air, he interviewed guests and chatted about the News with a lion puppet named Charlemagne. Cronkite considered these conversations to be "one of the highlights" of the show. He continued, "A puppet can render opinions on people and things that a human commentator would not feel free to utter. I was, and I am proud of it."

On April 16, 1962, Cronkite succeeded Douglas Edwards as anchorman of CBS's nightly feature newscast, tentatively renamed Walter Cronkite with the News. The CBS Evening News was expanded from 15 to 30 minutes on September 2, 1963, officially making Cronkite the anchor of American network television's first nightly half-hour news program.

John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963, emerged as a critical moment for Cronkite's career. Journalism students should research and learn from this heavy broadcast as it is a real example of reporting the truth under pressure, as the entire nation was hanging on every word of Cronkite's. Not only this, but Cronkite's coverage of the decade's most memorable events, including the Watergate scandal, the resignation of US President Richard M. Nixon, and the peace negotiations between Egypt and Israel. 

Cronkite's ratings dominated the charts and made CBS the most-watched television network during his Apollo 11 and Apollo 13 Moon missions coverage. Following in 1970, CBS Evening News finally dominated the American TV news viewing audience due to the retirement of NBC's Chet Hunt. Regardless of the new and well-respected replacement for him, Cronkite proved to be more popular and continued to be top-rated.

Another trademark of Cronkite's was how he ended the CBS Evening News with the phrase "...And that's the way it is," followed by the date. With the standards of objective journalism in mind, he would end the broadcast without this phrase when ending the broadcasting with his opinion or personal commentary. On Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added to the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing remarks to remind the audience of the unresolved situation. He stopped on Day 444, January 20, 1981.

While some Americans compared Cronkite to a father or an uncle figure, during an interview discussing his retirement, he declared himself more comparable to a "comfortable old shoe." His last day in the anchor chair at the CBS Evening News was on March 6, 1981. 

However, he occasionally broadcasted as a special correspondent for CBS, CNN, and NPR into the 21st century. One such occasion was the second space flight by John Glenn in 1998 due to Cronkite's personal choice of also covering Glenn's first flight in 1962. For many years, Walter Cronkite fittingly hosted the annual Kennedy Center Honors in tribute to his famous Kenedy assassination broadcast. 

Cronkite hosted the World War One Living History Project in 2006 while paying homage to his war correspondent years. This program honored America's veterans from the First World War.

The list containing Walter Cronkite's lack of retirement continues for miles. He contributed to the Huffington Post, advocated for the Alliance for Better Campaigns and Common Cause, spoke out against the War on Drugs, and even spoke out against Bush with the involvement of America in the Vietnam War. 

The cerebrovascular disease claimed Cronkite at his home in 2009 at the age of 92.

USA Today wrote, "Few TV figures have ever had as much power as Cronkite did at his height." 

Cronkite trained himself to speak at a rate of 124 words per minute (108 bpm is 120 wpm) in his newscasts to better communicate with his viewers so that they can clearly understand what he is reporting and digest the information. In contrast, the typical American will average 165 words per minute, while difficult-to-understand speed talkers communicate roughly 200 words per minute. This only goes to aid in elaboration on Walter Cronkite's love for journalism and his more prominent passion for the truth.

Tabloids: Stolen From The British?

Gossip is a vice of many, a guilty pleasure, if you will. Tabloids became a means of spreading gossip or sensational stories that could be spread like wildfires. 

The earliest tabloids available on the internet record being discovered from the regency area. 1796's latest juicy tabloid was in the form of scandal sheets like The Female Tatler or illustrations. One such illustration was by James Gillray of the prince regent caught in bed with Lady Jersey, aka a civilian from the colonies. 

In another image, a long line of royalty is mocked by characters from 1819. 

You might be asking, what is a tabloid? The word tabloid comes from the name the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. gave to the compress tablets they marketed as "Tabloid" pills in the late 1880s. This definition was then applied to other small compressed items, such as tabloid forms of the news. Thus, Tabloid Journalism was born in 1901, which initially stood for a paper that condensed stories into a simplified, easily absorbed format. These new Tabloid papers would allow news companies to reach further down in social classes, making reading and receiving news easier for people who could not afford an entire paper or read the striking articles by seasoned professionals. 

After the plague of yellow journalism, sensationalism, and crude exaggerations of the truth, tabloid journalism officially took over in the 1900s to continue sensationalism with a rebrand. This type of journalism has a more practical definition aside from it's strictly gossip. Two forms of tabloid writing emerged: compact and red-top tabloid journalism. 

Compact journalism describes the physicality of newspapers that use an editorial style more associated with broadsheet newspapers. This term was coined to distinguish the smaller format of newsprint from the scandalous tabloids in the 1900s. 

In stark contrast, red top journalism describes a form of journalism closely associated with the British & Commonwealth's usage to have their mastheads printed in red ink as an eye-grabber compared to the black and white letters, marginally more significant than the rest of the paper. They utilized a straightforward vernacular while prioritizing pictures over word count. These papers were often accused of strictly following social newsworthy events with a political bias. 

In 1903 Alfred Harmsworth started the first modern tabloid, The Daily Mirror, in London. Its first publication would be distributed on November 2nd, 1903. This reduced, easier-to-read paper appealed to the mass market as it presented crime stories, human tragedies, celebrity gossip, sports, comics, and puzzles. Is there anything acceptable to talk about at the dinner table? The Daily Sketch and the Daily Graphic employed Harmsworth's concept. 

In 1900, Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the New York World, invited Alfred Harmsworth (later Viscount Northciffe), founder of the Daily Mail in London, to edit the World for one day. Harmsworth's imaginative version of the World, which came out on January 1st, 1901, was half the size of the paper's customary format and was heralded as the "newspaper of the 20th century." 

Of the American tabloids, the New York Daily News was the first successful one. This publication, begun in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson, changed its name to Daily News a few months later. By 1930, its circulation had risen to 1,520,000, reaching 2 million in the next decade. This tabloid emphasized political wrongdoings, including much devotion to photography. 

In today's day, both The Daily Mirror and the New York Daily News employ publishing techniques discovered over a hundred years ago, which illustrate how people's consumption needs for gossip and juicy tabloids will forever be a vice, a guilty pleasure if you will. 

Society of Professional Journalists and Association of American Editorial Cartoonists

 For the years to come, Sigma Delta Chi will continue to grow exponentially in chapters and members. He will give back to the community of journalists. They began to mark notable historic sites in the name of SPJ. In 1969, women were granted membership, and 70 women joined immediately. 

"The Society of Professional Journalists is dedicated to perpetuating a free press at the cornerstone of our nation & our liberty." 

The official mission statement of the Society of Professional Journalists declares a promise to uphold ethical journalistic through thick and thin for the sake of what the United States of America stands for. This directly pays homage to our constitutional rights as cited by the First Amendment, providing "freedom of speech, or the press." 

This society began at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, where it was formally known as Sigma Delta Chi on April 17th, 1909, which can be thoroughly explored on their website: spj.org. The first official meeting of ΣΔΧ was on May 6th, 1909. By November 25th, chapters had opened in ten other states, with the only requirement for opening a chapter being that the college had a daily campus news publication. These brothers would be junior and senior-year men exclusively. 

At the First National Convention for SPJ circa 1912, the fraternity's motto: "Talent, Truth & Energy," was established, along with publishing DePauw's first edition of The Quill. Shortly after that, in 1916, the Honorary became a Professional Fraternity. The first professional chapters were established in 1921, making Sigma Delta Chi leaders of 37 pro chapters. 

In 1973, Sigma Delta Chi was finally established officially as the Society of Professional Journalists, with a new version of the Code of Ethics. 

Throughout the years, more and more journalists have joined SPI in the search for assistance towards their professional journalist career at any point. College students look toward it for connections and workshops, intermittent members pick SPJ for ways to advance their careers, and experienced professionals to bestow their knowledge to the younger generations. 

On a similar note, The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists was founded in 1957, led by John Stampone, and dedicated to " championing and defending editorial cartoons and free speech as essential to liberty in the US and throughout the world." The AAEC aims to be an international leader in support of the human, civil, and artistic rights of editorial cartoonists around the world and to stand with other international groups in support of the profession.

While AAEC has less history than SPJ, the American Association of Editorial Cartoonists sponsors a nationwide project called "Cartoons for the Classroom" designed to aid educators at all levels in teaching history, economics, social studies, and current events on a digestible level for all ages. 

In 2022, the Pulitzer Prize committee suddenly replaced the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning with the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary, which would not be a fiasco to anyone not invented in editorial cartoons. However, this award change completely undermined the cartoonist's award. The AAEC had stated that the Pulitzer Board should reinstate the previous award title, citing that editorial cartoons must be their category while also being able to recognize Illustrated Reporting as a separate form. They wrote:

"Editorial cartoons are quick, in-the-moment commentary, whose artists have to educate themselves on complex issues and craft well-informed opinions in a single take that emphasizes clarity under daily deadlines. Illustrated reporting, or comics journalism, takes days, weeks, or months to craft a story, which can run for pages and may or may not be presenting an opinion."

It is still being determined if the issue has been resolved at this moment. However, representing themselves for this award is only one of the activism topics they cover. By promoting a daily cartoon on their site, they are able to promote artists speaking out about social, political, and cultural issues to spread awareness. 

Why Am I Here?

In complete honesty, journalism is one of those majors I had crossed off my radar of potential majors in sophomore year, purely for the intense amount of writing. Evidently, I would change my mind. 

Growing up, I had been involved in every theater production I could get cast in (or for crew). Therefore, I had always banked on majoring in Theater and going to the U of Michigan or U of Cincinnati. Reality, also known as my father, had pulverized my dream. He told me to instead 

A screenshot of raw footage from a 2020 MPTV episode that I hosted in my living room.

become a doctor or lawyer. There would be no chance that would happen. Instead, my play director, the broadcasting teacher, persuaded me to be in her classes. During freshman year at Midland Park High School, I took Studio and Field Production, then naturally, moved into zero period Advanced Broadcasting. Zero period meant class at 7:15 am before homeroom, so you really had to want to be in broadcasting.

Pictured is the MPTV crew of 2022-23

Advanced Broadcasting was in charge of both MPTV and the school newspaper: Panther's Pause. There, I eagerly awaited Monday morning production meetings, interviewing teachers, nit-picking editing, and being in front of the camera. Broadcasting became a profession I was decently proficient in while also enjoying. I always had the people skills for networking and a detail-oriented eye for quality work. Adrenaline in conjunction with being a cog in the newsroom machine was riveting. A career with a plethora of different specifications that I can master. 

Approaching my senior year, truthfully, I had reasoned with myself why broadcasting would be the closest aspiration to theater. How I could have a reputation in entertainment while having a stable income… relatively. I found there were aspects I enjoyed more than others such as technical directing over subtitle tracking, yet learning it all would mold a well-rounded employee. That I could get behind, ergo, I genuinely became enthralled. I would be the gofer that generated a reliable reputation. The positive affirmations helped as well. When people asked me, “Why broadcast journalism?” I responded with months of contemplation. I wish to

The photo was taken at day one of Freshman Orientation, July 2023

 become a field anchor who can report taboo or controversial topics from different areas of the world to widen the perspective of sheltered Americans. Nothing is more crucial to making a decision than perspective. In the back of my mind, I would never consider being a part of pre-, shooting, or post-production as settling. Every aspect is just as important as the other. 

Proactive marketing in addition to unpassable opportunities brought me to High Point University. I sank my teeth into HPU Vision, Communication Fellowship, The Society of Professional Journalism, and theater. Every skill and new connection will bring me closer to my end goal. That is whatever time has in store for me. Que sera, sera.